Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), the most abundant receptor of somatostatin (SST), possesses immunoreactivity and is altered in many cancers. However, the association between SSTR2 and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has not yet been reported. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) information across 20 cancers was collected from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and used to analyze the expression of SSTR2. Immune signatures collected from public databases, such as BioCarta or Reactome, were used to investigate the association between SSTR2 and the tumor microenviroment in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Data from cohorts treated with ICIs were collected to assess whether SSTR2 is associated with benefits from ICIs treatment. In the HPA, we found the SSTR2 IHC-positive rate of 13 cancers to be above 50%. Five types of cancer express SSTR2 mildly (positive rate 25%-50%), while the remaining two types of cancer barely stained SSTR2-positive (positive rate 0%-24%). In TCGA analysis, immune cell signatures and immune function pathways were enriched in high SSTR2 expression groups in most cancers. In each ICIs treated cohort, patients with high SSTR2 expression experienced numerically superior objective response rate (Braun 14.8% vs 13.4%, p = 0.85; Gide 69.4% vs 40.5%, p = 0.025; Mariathasan 22.4% vs 16.7%, p = 0.233; Miao 37.5% vs 11.8%; Riaz 32.0% vs 7.7%, p = 0.067) and overall survival (Braun HR (95%CI) 0.80 [0.62-1.04], p = 0.80; Gide HR (95%CI) 0.61 [0.29-1.30], p = 0.20; Mariathasan HR (95%CI) 0.83 [0.64-1.08], p = 0.16; Miao HR (95%CI) 0.24 [0.086-0.65], p = 0.0028; Nathanson cohort HR (95%CI) 0 [0-inf], p = 0.18; Riaz HR (95%CI) 0.24 [0.086-0.65], p = 0.028) than patients with low SSTR2 expression. In pooled cohort, we found these differences were significant (Pool 24.6% vs 16.7%, p = 0.0077; HR (95% CI) 0.77 [0.65-0.91], p = 0.0018). Our results suggest that SSTR2 is a potential predictive biomarker for response to ICIs.While much data are available for the Viedma ripening and temperature cycling deracemization processes, not much is known about the advantages (or disadvantages) of a combination of the two. We here try to elucidate what happens when Viedma ripening is used in combination with temperature cycling by comparing not only the deracemization times but also the change in the sizes of the crystals. We found that, in the case of NMPA (rac-(2-methylbenzylidene)-phenylglycine amide) as a model compound, combined experiments significantly increase the deracemization time. By tuning the process parameters, it is possible to approach experimental conditions where both Viedma ripening and temperature cycling control the deracemization. Under those conditions, however, the deracemization time is not significantly improved. Following our results, it seems unlikely that a combination of Viedma ripening and temperature cycling would shorten the deracemization time. Nevertheless, these experiments might provide clues for unraveling the mechanism of temperature cycling.Solid-state deracemization via temperature cycles converts a racemic crystal mixture into an enantiopure product by periodic cycling of the temperature in the presence of a racemization catalyst. A continuous counterpart of this conventional batch-operated process is proposed that can be performed in mixed suspension mixed product removal crystallizers (MSMPRCs). More specifically, three different configurations are described to perform periodic forcing via temperature cycles, which differ from each other in the type of the feed and in the withdrawal system. We have developed a model by extending our recent population balance equation model of batch solid-state deracemization via temperature cycles, and we exploit this tool to analyze the start-up and periodic steady-state behavior. Moreover, we compare the performance of the different configurations based on the selected key performance indicators, namely, average periodic steady-state enantiomeric excess and productivity. The process with solution feed yields pure enantiomers, while the solid and suspension-fed process alternatives result in highly enantiomerically enriched crystals. We further design an MSMPRC cascade to overcome this purity limitation. This work discusses guidelines on how to transform the batch process of temperature cycles into a continuous operation, which enables stable, unattended operation and chiral crystal production with consistent product quality.Item recognition and temporal order memory follow different developmental trajectories during middle childhood, with item recognition performance stabilizing and temporal order memory performance continuing to improve. We investigated the potential unique role of individual executive functions on item recognition and temporal order memory during this critical development period. Our results replicate and expand on previous findings, suggesting that executive functions, specifically inhibitory control and working memory, may be more crucial for successful temporal order memory than for item recognition during middle childhood.Medical popularisation in late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth-century China has been understood within the context of the state's retreat from medicine. This article points to ongoing state-societal continuities and thus suggests that the process was more complicated than it had been assumed to be. Analyses with more limited spatial or temporal frames tend to underestimate the extent of continuities forged by societal figures such as Gong Tingxian (fl. 1581-1616), an imperial medical doctor and author of popular medical texts. Gong's self-fashioning illustrates state-society connections that are also apparent in the reception of his work and in his later legacy. These continuities crossed political, linguistic and cultural lines as Gong's popular texts were translated to Manchu and housed in a state medical library of the ensuing dynasty. Moreover, Gong's texts were not only transmitted in China, but reached Japan and Korea, and even found a place within a European collection by the early eighteenth century.In the 1890s, opticians were reforming their practice against a body of medical practitioners who were increasingly attempting to specialise in, and monopolise, vision testing and spectacle dispensing. This article explores how and why vision testing became a subject of debate and how opticians were able to successfully set out their claims to professional authority in the face of medical competition. It argues that opticians created a scientific rhetoric distinctive from medical training by combining optics and anatomy. In response, medical practitioners attempted to consolidate the medicalisation of an area of the body through claiming completely new, and potentially unfounded, areas of expertise and medical jurisdiction. A study of the optician's role in the 1890s demonstrates the broader influence of fringe professions, commercial marketing and the public's receptiveness to the construction of expertise in enabling but ultimately inhibiting the medicalisation process, an outcome that medical practitioners had to grudgingly accept.This article elucidates Spare Rib's (1972-1993) value as a source for considering the UK women's health movement of the 1970s and 1980s. It focusses on the magazine's role in mediating and shaping its readers' relationship to negative bodily experience, and outlines its distinctiveness within the broader feminist landscape of women's health coverage. While aspects of the British women's health movement have attracted scholarly attention, such as mental health activism and abortion campaigns, we still know relatively little about how non-activist British women interpreted their bodily experiences and health through the feminist lens offered from the early 1970s. The first part of the article focusses on Spare Rib's contribution to the British women's health movement. The second part of the article zooms in on a selection of letters that show how readers took up, and found empowerment, in modes of bodily disclosure fostered by the magazine.This article examines why older people were particularly prone to suicide in Georgian England, and argues that their suicidality is best understood through the lens of the 'ageing body'. By centring on the experiences of the suicidal, it proposes that suicide was not 'medicalised' in the way traditionally described in the historiography, being reconceptualised, over the course of the eighteenth century, as a product of lunacy. Instead, it contends that older people often thought that their suicides were a rational response to the struggles of ageing, which included physical decline and embodied memory-loss. To do this, it uses previously unseen coroners' inquests from across England, in addition to wills and medical writings. It examines these inquests for what they can tell us about the emotional and embodied experiences of older suicidal people, thus contributing to an under-researched aspect of the social history of ageing.By introducing compulsory antiseptic measures in 1881, the Austrian Empire became a trendsetter in European midwifery legislation. Starting with the focus on puerperal infection in the 1870s, this article investigates the process from the first proposal of antiseptic regimes within a clinical setting to the dissemination of antiseptic knowledge among the midwifery profession. LLY-283 Competition between the leading medical men throughout the Austrian territories played a major role and influenced the way in which antiseptic measures were propagated. The article identifies the antiseptic collectives active at the leading universities of Prague and Vienna. As practical instruction during midwifery education was not regarded as sufficient, the late 1870s and 1880s saw the emergence of several instruction textbooks. Changing birth attendance routines and the innovative materials that entered midwifery practice are explored and discussed, based on these manuals, alongside evidence of midwives' reactions as published in the Austrian Midwifery Newspaper.When Swedish civil servants took possession of the Caribbean island of St Barthélemy in 1785, they discovered a complex medical landscape in which Black healers played important roles. They competed with white physicians for patients and formed an itinerant community-both voluntary and forced in nature-which travelled throughout the archipelago exchanging remedies and practices. The healers' work was not associated to revolt and rebellion as in many other Caribbean territories and the Swedish court of law treated them with less cruelty than in many other colonies. The healers' activities cannot be simply reduced to acts of resistance to slavery; many of them gained the trust of large parts of both Black and white communities. Their interactions with people on the surrounding islands show how Caribbean colonial historiography gains from a wider geographical contextualisation, allowing a better understanding of the Black population's role in healing and medicine.The present article focuses on the medical practice of Pietro Andrea Mattioli from Siena and Francesco Partini from Rovereto (Trent), learned physicians who worked for the Habsburg courts in the second half of the sixteenth century. They paid particular attention to the body signs of disease and described them in detail through the senses of sight, touch, smell and taste. Such a method allowed them to formulate a plausible diagnosis, which concerned not only a general humoral imbalance but also often a specific organ. Furthermore, the empirical data they observed were interpreted in the light of Galenic medicine, a fluid and adaptable system, capable of including relatively new elements. Partini and Mattioli's medical consultations reveal peculiar aspects of body examination and offer the opportunity both to seize the inventiveness of Galenic medicine and to explore the complex relationship between learned physicians and the written medical tradition.LLY-283