Python decorators are powerful tools that allow us to modify or enhance the behavior of functions or methods. Common use cases include logging, authorization, and more.
However, when asked to define a decorator, many might say,

It's a wrapper for a function.

While this is technically correct, there's much more happening under the hood.

Dissecting a Simple Decorator
Let's explore a straightforward example:

def my_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Before calling the function")
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("After calling the function")
        return result
    return wrapper

@my_decorator
def say_hello(name):
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

Here, my_decorator is a decorator for the function say_hello. When say_hello is defined, it is automatically passed to my_decorator, transforming the function call into:
say_hello = my_decorator(say_hello)

When Does This Transformation Happen?
This transformation occurs during the compilation of the code, specifically at function definition time—not at execution time.

Disassembling the Code
To understand how decorators work at a lower level, we can use the dis module to examine the bytecode of the decorated function:

import dis

@my_decorator
def say_hello(name):
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

dis.dis(say_hello)

Bytecode Breakdown

The output of dis.dis(say_hello) might look like this:

Explanation of the Bytecode

1. Before Calling the Function

   • LOAD_GLOBAL: Loads the print function.
   • LOAD_CONST: Loads the message 'Before calling the function'.
   • CALL_FUNCTION: Calls print.
   • POP_TOP: Discards the return value.

2. Calling the Original Function

   • LOAD_DEREF: Loads the original function (func) captured by the closure.
   • LOAD_FAST: Loads the positional and keyword arguments.
   • BUILD_MAP: Creates a new dictionary for keyword arguments.
   • CALL_FUNCTION_EX: Calls the original function with the arguments.
   • STORE_FAST: Stores the result in a local variable.

3. After Calling the Function

   • Similar to the first part, it calls print to output 'After calling the function'.
   • Returning the Result
   • Loads the result variable and returns it.

Conclusion
Python decorators are more than just function wrappers; they enable us to modify function behavior at definition time. By understanding how they work and examining the bytecode, we can use decorators more effectively in our projects.

That's it for now! If there’s anything else you’d like me to dive into, just let me know!