As Peter Drucker famously said, “You can’t manage what you don’t measure.” This holds especially true in software development. If you want to track and improve the quality of your software, you need a way to measure it. Software metrics provide the data you need to understand and manage your software’s quality.

With that in mind, I’ve put together 5 essential software metrics to help you ensure the quality of your product.

1. Defect Density

Defect Density measures the number of defects relative to the size of your software. Defects are errors identified by testers before release, representing unmet user requirements. If undetected, these defects can lead to failures in the hands of end users.

This metric is crucial for assessing code quality and estimating the effort required for corrections. High-quality code requires fewer fixes and is easier to maintain, scale, and improve.

Tip: Encourage your team to learn from the defects they introduce or miss in testing. This continuous improvement helps elevate both code quality and testing practices.

Formula:

[ Number of Defects ] / ([ Total Lines of Code ] / 1,000)

Example:

10 defects in 20,000 lines of code = Defect Density of 0.5 per 1,000 lines.

2. Customer Satisfaction (CSAT)

Customer Satisfaction (CSAT) gauges how users feel about your product. It’s derived from survey data, where customers rate their satisfaction on a scale from “extremely satisfied” to “extremely unsatisfied.”

A high CSAT reflects a positive user experience and signals that your software meets customer expectations.

Formula:

[ Number of Satisfied Customers ] / [ Total Survey Responses ] * 100

Example:

If 53 out of 100 customers rate their experience as “satisfied” or “extremely satisfied,” your CSAT score is 53%.

3. Code Coverage

Code Coverage tracks the percentage of your code that is covered by unit tests. These tests, written by developers, help catch bugs early in the development process and prevent future system failures.

A higher code coverage means better-tested, more reliable code. Aim to cover every line of code with unit tests to ensure that all use cases are considered.

Formula:

[ Lines of Code Tested ] / [ Total Lines of Code ] * 100

Example:

If 9,500 out of 10,000 lines are covered by tests, your code coverage is 95%.

4. Mean Time to Resolve (MTTR)

MTTR measures how quickly your team can resolve issues after they’re identified. It’s typically measured in hours or minutes during normal working hours.

A low MTTR indicates that your team is able to fix issues quickly, contributing to better overall software stability. However, this can vary based on the severity of the issue and the expertise of your developers.

To improve MTTR, focus on maintaining well-structured code, following best practices, and ensuring robust internal documentation. Implementing better diagnostic tools can also help speed up issue resolution.

Formula:

[ Total Time from Detection to Resolution ] / [ Number of Issues Resolved ]

Example:

If 96 issues took a total of 2,880 minutes to resolve, your MTTR is 30 minutes per issue.

5. Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)

MTBF calculates the average time between system failures. Failures are errors that occur post-release, often stemming from undetected defects.

A higher MTBF means your software is more reliable, which is critical in industries like healthcare and aeronautics. If your MTBF decreases, it could indicate a systemic problem, such as rushed development or poor planning.

Addressing low MTBF requires examining whether failures stem from a single issue or multiple problems. You may need to revisit your team's workflow to ensure that testing, scoping, and planning are aligned with quality goals.

Formula:

[ Total Operating Time ] / [ Number of Failures ]

Example:

If your software ran for 3,000 hours and experienced 15 failures, your MTBF is 200 hours.

Conclusion

By tracking these key metrics—Defect Density, Customer Satisfaction, Code Coverage, MTTR, and MTBF you gain critical insights into your software’s quality. Managing quality isn't just about fixing bugs, it’s about continuous improvement and ensuring that your product meets both user expectations and technical standards.

Use these metrics to guide your team towards building more reliable, maintainable, and user-friendly software.