This article was originally posted on Jan 30th 2017 at: https://nickjanetakis.com/blog/how-to-pick-a-good-monitor-for-software-development

You would think buying a monitor is easy. Just read a few reviews and add it to your cart, easy peasy. Well, maybe so but if you go that route without doing any type of research you may end up with something that you don't want, performs horribly in many different tests, or even worse -- it won't work at all.

There's so many things to investigate when it comes to buying a monitor:

• When Should You Buy a New Monitor?
• Understanding Physical Size vs Resolution
• Pixels Per Inch (PPI)
• Scaling
• Is 4k Worth It Even With Abnormal Vision?
• Picture Quality and Color Accuracy
• Refresh Rates and Input Lag
• The Stand
• How to Read User Reviews

The goal of this article is to explain all of the above so that you can make an
informed decision when you purchase your next monitor.

I recently purchased a new monitor a month ago and it was the result of days of research. If you just want to cut to the chase, I ended up purchasing the Dell UltraSharp U2515H 2560x1440 monitor for $330 and it was one of the best development environment upgrades I've made in 5 years.

When Should You Buy a New Monitor?

Unlike most hardware purchases, monitors can end up lasting you a very long time. The only reason I ended up upgrading was my old Dell 2007FP finally died out after around 8 years of full time use. I was using it as a second monitor in a dual monitor set up.

You could expect 5-10 years out of a monitor because technology in the monitor department moves at a snail's pace. They are still peddling 1080p monitors today in 2017, and they were released when exactly? Sometime in the early 2000s? That's about 15 years.

Sure there have been incremental enhancements over the years but it's usually not worth buying a new monitor when a tiny incremental enhancement happens.

If I buy a new monitor, I would expect to get a "real" upgrade. That might mean jumping up resolutions, or getting a drastically better picture quality and refresh rate.

Understanding Physical Size vs Resolution

Physical size doesn't constitute how much you can fit on a monitor. For example my mom thinks that a 25" 1080p monitor is going to let her fit more things on her screen than a 22" 1080p monitor. Don't be my mom!

The only thing that matters for "fitting more stuff on the screen" is the resolution of the monitor. Here's the 3 most common resolutions:

• 1080p is 1920x1080
• 1440p is 2560x1440

• 4k is 3840x2160

• The first number "1080p" is how most people describe the resolution in conversation

• The second number "1920" is how many horizontal pixels can fit on the screen

• The third number "1080" is how many vertical pixels can fit on the screen

My Chromebook has a 13.3" 1080p display, and so does my secondary 22" 1080p monitor. Both monitors offer the same exact screen real estate. Meaning if I have a Sublime Text 3 code editor open, both of them can comfortably display 2x 80 character code windows side by side along with a sidebar.

If you want to fit more things on your screen, you need to increase the resolution, not the physical size. However, as you increase the resolution, things become smaller, so eventually you will need to increase the physical size too.

Retina Resolution Caveats

A lot of hardware manufacturers advertise huge resolutions, but the reality of the situation is they offer MUCH less screen real estate than what they primarily advertise.

For example, A 13.3" MacBook Pro advertises a 2560x1600 resolution but that's kind of bullshit. Yeah sure, the display is technically capable of rendering 2560x1600 pixels but the resolution you actually end up having as real estate on the monitor is 1680x1050 which is LESS than a 1080p monitor.

1680x1050 is something you used to see on LCD monitors 15 years ago and today, you can buy them for $50 on Craigslist.

The only difference is, a Retina enabled display will look nicer because it's essentially cramming twice as many pixels into the same physical space. This will make fonts and porn...I mean professional Photoshop graphics that you design look really sharp.

If you're curious the 15" MBP advertises itself as 2880x1800 which in turn gives it a "real" resolution of 1080p. That means you'll be able to run your 2x 80 character Sublime Text code windows with a sidebar just as someone did 15 years ago with a first generation 1080p monitor.

Pixels Per Inch (PPI)

When you combine the concept of physical size and resolution you can start calculating things like the pixels per inch. There's a neat PPI calculator that you can use over here.

Here's a few popular desktop / laptop pixels per inch:

• 13.3" @ 1080p = 165.63 PP
• 22" @ 1080p = 100.13 PPI

• 25" @ 1080p = 88.12 PPI

• 22" @ 1440p = 133.51 PPI

• 25" @ 1440p = 117.49 PPI

• 32" @ 1440p = 91.79 PPI

• 27" @ 4k = 163.18 PPI

• 36" @ 4k = 122.38 PPI

• 50" @ 4k = 88.12 PPI

The gist of it is, the higher the PPI, the more tightly packed the pixels are which in turn make the image sharper. This is why modern smartphones look liquid smooth. For example an iPhone 7 is 750 x 1334 at 4.7" gives you 325.61 PPI. That is awesome for text reading.

Ok, So What Does This Really Mean in Real Life?

The goal here is to be standing or sitting at a certain distance away from your monitor and be able to comfortably read text at 100% scaling without eye strain.

A couple of factors are going to come into play, such as how good your vision is and how willing you are to change around your desk.

I have 20/20 vision with glasses and have been using computers for about 20 years now. The new monitor I purchased is 2560x1440 at 25" which gives me a PPI of 117.

At this PPI I'm very comfortable using everything at 100% scaling with absolutely no eye strain and I'm standing a bit less than an arm's length away from the monitor. To be precise, I'm exactly 24 inches away.

At 39 inches away I can still read the smallest Sublime Text status bar text without straining but 1 inch beyond that and things get difficult. This is mainly due to the contrast of this theme not being the best, but for every day computer use, you can't expect everything to be the best case scenario.

I mentioned earlier that my Chromebook is 1080p at 13.3" and I can comfortably code on it with Sublime Text at a typical laptop viewing distance which is about 12 inches away. Viewing it from 24" is far too much eye strain for me.

Using this logic, I can deduce that a 27" 4k monitor at 163 PPI would likely strain my eyes a bit because the Chromebook's PPI is 165 PPI. Yeah sure, I can technically read the text, but it takes way too much effort.

If you're going to be looking at a code editor all day, you better be damn sure things are very easy to read in the morning and at 3pm after a 6 hour session.

I think for me personally, I would be able to handle a 36" 4k monitor which is 122 PPI but a 36" monitor is MASSIVE compared to 25" which means I would have to stand at least 39" inches away.

I came to the conclusion that 39" is my upper limit at 117 PPI and 122 PPI is close enough where it shouldn't be a problem but as I test this with my current set up and visualize where a 36" monitor would end up being, I still think it's way too big. There's too much head movement to look at each end of the monitor.

So, with all that said. I'm very happy with the 25" 1440p monitor I purchased because it maximizes screen real estate given the limitations of my vision. If I were feeling adventurous I would buy a 2nd monitor of the same type and orient it vertically instead of horizontally, yummy!

Scaling

At this point you might be thinking, dude you can just dial up the scaling of the monitor at the OS level and get the best of both worlds.

Not quite. First off, scaling is not a solved problem. Scaling support is spotty at best, and many applications simply do not support it properly.

But more importantly, if you scale things up then you lose screen real estate.

A 4k monitor technically has 4x the screen real estate of a 1080p monitor. That means if you drew a big ass rectangle and split it into a 2x2 grid, you could fit 1x 1080p monitor in each box of the grid.

If you took a 4k monitor and scaled it up to 200%, you would end up with exactly the same screen space as a 1080p monitor. Things will look quite a bit smoother, sort of like a Retina display, but you're not really gaining anything.

At 150% scaling you end up with the same space as a 1440p monitor, in which case you might as well buy a 1440p monitor because it's going to be a lot cheaper and come with much better specs for your money.

Is 4k Worth It Even With Abnormal Vision?

Let's pretend we live in a world where you can view 4k at 100% scaling on a 27" monitor from 3 feet away. I'm sure it's humanly possible for some, but not for most. I would consider this the best case scenario in terms of physical size and resolution, with an end goal of making you as productive as possible on paper.

This is about as big as you can get without having to whip your head around like a head banger from a death metal band just to see each side of your screen.

A 1080p monitor will happily give you enough room to have 2x code windows side by side at 80 characters with a typical sidebar. You can also view 51 lines of code on 1 screen with a 10pt size font in Sublime.

A 1440p monitor will give you 3x code windows side by side and 76 lines of code. This is a pretty big deal. You might not realize it until you've tried it for a while but being able to comfortably have 3 editor files open and being able to view about 50% more vertical lines of code at a glance is huge.

If you happen to have a 2nd 1080p monitor, you can do all of your code editing on your 1440p primary monitor while you have a web browser and terminal loaded up on your 2nd monitor. A vertically oriented 1440p monitor would be even better.

A 4k monitor will technically be like having a 2x2 grid of 1080p monitors. So in theory you'd be able to have 8 code windows open with 51 lines of code each.

Alternatively you could have 4x code windows open with 100 lines of code each.

Now, I'm pretty sure having 8 code windows open at once isn't going to be that useful because you only need to see so much in 1 view but I'll admit, having 4 open with 100 lines of code each sounds nice.

However, I'm not convinced it's going to be as big of a change as going from 2 windows to 3 and 50 LOCs to 75 LOCs. Why? Probably due to how coding is in real life. How much vertical space do you really need, and is 4 going to be that much better than 3?

Then there's the whole problem of managing windows. Having 1 monstrous monitor is going to make it difficult to manage individual windows. You're going to be spending a lot of time micro managing floating windows at various sizes.

With a 1440p dual monitor set up you could just open an app on the 2nd monitor and maximize it, or split it horizontally with another app very quickly.

Perhaps there's a tiled window manager that works on all operating systems in a flawless way, but honestly I've never found one that works all too well.

But what about video editing?! Good question. I edit a lot of video for my courses, and horizontal space is amazingly useful for editing a time line.

Having 2x 1440p monitors offers more horizontal space than a single 4k monitor. All you would need to do is flip the orientation of the other 1440p from vertical (normal every day use) to horizontal (editing video).

Picture Quality and Color Accuracy

Ok, so we've decided that 1440p is probably the way to go (at least for now), which leads us to picture quality and color accuracy.

LCD manufacturers are notorious for borderline lying to their customers. Before that rant comes out, let's first go over what determines quality and color accuracy.

There's a number of different LCD panel types. The most popular types are TN, IPS and VA.

TN (Twisted Nematic) panels were the earliest types of panels but are still very popular today.

TN panels tend to have the best response times and refresh rates. You'll find most high end gaming monitors with 144hz have TN panels. They give a smoother feel to everything at that refresh rate, and you'll notice less motion blur in fast action games.

The downside to TN panels is their color accuracy tends to be the worst, and as web developers, being able to see "red" as "red" is quite important. TN panels are often very washed out looking and also have terrible color shifting issues depending on the angle you're looking at.

IPS (In-Plane Switching) panels are often considered the best type of panels for accuracy. Their viewing angles are fantastic without any loss of image quality. They also have the highest color accuracy of the bunch. As a software developer who does design, you'll likely want an IPS panel.

The downside is they typically come at 60hz and have worse response times than TN panels. However for real life software development and movie watching this won't be a big deal. Even gaming will be more than fine unless you're playing games at a highly competitive level.

I'm not talking about crushing newbies on a public server, but I mean playing at tournaments with tens of thousands of dollars in prize pools where you're up against the world's best, and in this case 15 milliseconds or your view of the world being 2 frames behind your opponent is enough to lose.

It's also worth noting that not all IPS panels are created equal. There's an issue with some of them that people have labeled as "IPS glow" which means there's a noticeable amount of brightness at various parts of the display. It makes a non-uniform glowing effect.

This is different from another term called "back light bleeding" which affects all panel types. This is the amount of whiteness that bleeds through the edges of your monitor when its background is set to black. This is usually most noticeable when you have your lights off or at a very dim setting.

VA (Vertical Alignment) panels are somewhere in between. You can kind of think of VA panels as being a jack of all trades. They are pretty good in all areas of computing but accel at nothing.

I see no point in getting a VA panel driven monitor unless the price is amazing and the other aspects of the monitor happen to be excellent, while not compromising much on the things that matter.

Other panel types do exist like PLS and AHVA but I have to draw the line somewhere in this article. I recommend trying to find a good IPS panel but if you find a monitor that you absolutely love don't let it not being an IPS panel shatter your dreams. Go test it out.

Panel Lotto

Now, back to the rant about LCD manufacturers. Not only have they been caught doing price colluding but they go as far as releasing early versions of their monitors to review sites with IPS panels, but then go ahead and sell cheaper TN panels to the general public with the same exact model number.

This is often referred to as playing the panel lotto, because you don't know what you'll get.

They often make the switch in batches, and often times you can only tell whether or not a monitor has a specific panel type by looking at what characters its serial number begins with.

It's ultra shady, so if you read review sites, make sure you're aware of that.

Chroma 4:4:4

Since we're talking about quality, it's worth mentioning what Chroma 4:4:4 is.

If you decide to get a 4k TV and use it as a monitor, make sure it's Chroma 4:4:4.

If you want to research this on your own, go check out this useful explanation of what Chroma 4:4:4 means on Youtube. It's a bit too much in depth for this article, but still important.

Refresh Rates and Input Lag

The refresh rate controls how many frames per second your screen can render. It's measured in hertz, and standard values you'll see out in the wild are 60hz, 120hz and 144hz. Anything less than 60hz for day to day computer use is unacceptable.

TV and movies can get by with less due to frame blending tricks in films but that tactic doesn't work for when you're looking at a monitor that's rendering an application running on some operating system.

For software development and occasional gaming 60hz is fine. You will notice a nice buttery smoothness at 120hz and 144hz but if you're just moving 2D windows around all day it's not really worth the trade off of losing an IPS panel, since most 144hz monitors are TN panels aimed towards competitive gamers.

There's 2 things to think about when it comes to refresh rates:

1. You can't always trust LCD manufactures with refresh rate too because they will list 120hz on a 4k monitor when in fact the monitor itself runs at 30hz or 60hz at 4k resolutions but 120hz if you down scale it to 1080p. LCD manufacturers love tricking the uninformed.

2. Your video card's connection types are very important. HDMI 2.0 can display 4k resolution at 60hz but HDMI 1.4 (common on a lot of laptops) cannot. DisplayPort 1.2+ can do 4k at 60hz. DVI-I, HDMI 1.2+ and DisplayPort can do 1440p at 60hz.

Input Lag

So this is where things get interesting. Input lag is much different than what most LCD manufacturers list on their spec sheets. They often list things like refresh rate and response times like 4ms or 2ms GTG (grey to grey), but both things are different than input lag.

Input lag is the amount of time it takes for the monitor to render your input which can then be perceived by your eyeballs. Meaning, if you move your mouse, it will take X number of milliseconds for you to see the cursor move.

You will usually need to look at third party sites that measure this metric. It's very important. A very good monitor review site is http://www.tftcentral.co.uk, which includes input lag in their reviews and much more.

I'm really sensitive to input lag for some reason. I highly recommend getting a monitor with around 20ms or less input lag or you may notice it to the point where it distracts you.

The Dell UltraSharp U2515H I'm using has about 13ms of input lag which is very low. For comparison, a lot of monitors have over 50ms of input lag which I think anyone would notice.

The Stand

You might not think a stand is important, until you want to adjust the orientation of your monitor, and then you're left with a huge side project and having to spend $100+ on a custom arm stand because the monitor you bought has a crappy plastic stand that doesn't move.

For example my 2nd 1080p monitor has a crappy plastic stand and I would love to orient it vertically but I can't unless I bought a custom arm stand and mounted it to my wall.

If you get a monitor with a good stand, all of those problems go away and you can switch orientations in about 10 seconds without spending a dime or mounting anything.

Dell is famous for having great stands, but other manufacturers have nice stands as well. Of course, don't let a bad stand stop you from getting an excellent monitor because in the end, you can always use a custom stand if you must.

At the very least, when looking at the specs of the monitor, see if it has a VESA compatible mount. This will let you use a number of custom stands that all follow the same standard. It will ensure that a custom VESA compatible stand will fit your monitor.

How to Read User Reviews

So, now you have narrowed down your selection of monitors down to perhaps 2 or 3. The next step is to head over to a place like Amazon and start analyzing user reviews.

You can't just blindly look at the star rating because sometimes dates are very important. For example, imagine the scenario where a manufacturer tweaks something in one of their models. If they released a batch early on in the year and it has a defect (say poor back light bleeding), you may end up finding a cluster of reviews that mention that, but they might all be around a certain time frame.

It's very possible a later batch is completely unaffected by that issue, rendering all of those reviews pointless for the current time.

A general process for evaluating reviews would be to ensure that a majority of the reviews are 5 stars. Then carefully look at the 1-2 star reviews and see if you can identify a timing pattern. This method works well. Imagine if you just bought a brand new monitor and it had a defect. You would for sure review it shortly after receiving it.

Lastly, don't be afraid of a small minority of negative reviews. All products are going to have people like this. Don't let a few negative Nancy's talk you out of a great monitor. You've done your research, they haven't.

Conclusion

Do your homework before you buy a monitor and be extremely skeptical when it comes to reading spec sheets supplied by an LCD manufacturer.

I think realistically, having 1x or 2x 1440p monitors is going to offer you a really good development experience. You'll have plenty of room to get work done and you won't have to squint to read text since by having read this article, you know how to measure what PPI will be good for you.

I'm ridiculously happy with the new monitor and I think the Dell UltraSharp U2515H is one of the best monitors around for programming and general usage going by its specs and price.

Let me know your set up in the comments below.