During the past four decades, the identification of phenotypic changes in malignant tumor cells has been refined by the standardization of immunohistochemistry methods. Regulatory-approved companion diagnostics were initially developed for immunohistochemistry and to support early tumor tissue-based clinical trials. In the last decade, molecular profiling and gene sequencing data have identified specific molecular targets that have resulted in increasing drug development programs and regulatory approvals. As an example, RET-altered cancers include RET gene mutations and RET gene fusions. In January 2021, the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) published new guidelines for routine clinical laboratory detection of targetable RET gene rearrangements and mutations. FDA approval has now been given for selpercatinib for RET fusion-positive NSCLC and papillary thyroid cancer, and RET mutation-positive thyroid cancer. This Editorial aims to present a brief overview of the evolution of personalized medicine in oncology and how the 2021 ESMO guidelines have anticipated the need to detect targetable RET-altered tumors using technology currently available in accredited clinical diagnostic laboratories.BACKGROUND Programmed death-1 and its ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) regulate tumor immunotherapy. A large number of studies have explored the relationship between PD-1, PD-L1, and different tumor susceptibility. However, these conclusions are not always consistent. Therefore, we updated this meta-analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE and other databases were searched systematically to obtain related research. Then, we used STATA15.0 software to carry out the final meta-analysis. The computational advantage is better than OR to evaluate this relationship. RESULTS A total of a total of 28 related studies were involved in our meta-analysis. It was found that PD-1 rs11568821 and rs7421861 increased the overall cancer probability in the allelic genetic model, while PD-1 rs36084323 effectively reduced the risk of cancer in the dominant genetic model. In the homozygous genetic model, PD-L1 rs17718883 effectively increased the probability of tumorigenesis. PD-L1rs4143815 is associated with a reduced incidence of cancer in heterozygote, homozygote and dominant genetic patterns. Subgroup analysis showed that PD-1rs2227981 can promote the susceptibility to breast cancer, while PD-1rs2227982 can reduce the susceptibility to breast cancer. read more PD-L1 rs2890658 can significantly reduce the risk of lung and liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS PD-1rs11568821, rs36084323, rs7421861, pD-L1rs17718883, and rs4143815 are associated with tumor susceptibility. However, a review based on more experimental evidence is needed to verify our findings.BACKGROUND Dental extraction is the only treatment option for terminal stage periodontal disease. Remnants of the pathological periodontal tissue can still be present after the extraction. Periodontal flap surgery contributes to achieving a better regeneration process at the extraction site. This case report includes a unique unconventional approach to periodontal therapy, not commonly reported in the literature. CASE REPORT A 37-year-old man reported mobility and migration of the teeth in both jaws and was referred to the Periodontology Department of the University of Prishtina Dentistry School. The patient had no personal history of any current systemic condition or family history of similar gum conditions. After a clinical and radiographic evaluation (periodontal probing depth and gingival index), most of the front teeth of both jaws were diagnosed with terminal stage periodontal disease (stage 4, grade C). Modified Widman flap periodontal surgery was conducted on the maxilla and mandible to extract most of the front teeth. The sites of tooth extraction underwent profound debridement to remove the pathological soft tissues and sharp bone extrusions. The 4 postoperative follow-up visits at 1, 4, 8, and 10 weeks showed sufficient restitution of the wounds. He received temporary mobile prostheses for the areas with multiple extractions. After 10 weeks, he began treatment for a fixed prosthetic bridge. He had a satisfactory recovery and was followed up over 3 annual visits after his surgery. CONCLUSIONS Multiple extractions can be considered as a treatment option for terminal stage periodontitis.Previously, our research group isolated B. breve IDCC4401 from infant feces as a potential probiotic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of B. breve IDCC4401 using genomic and phenotypic analyses. Whole genome sequencing was performed to identify genomic characteristics and to investigate the potential presence of genes encoding virulence, antibiotic resistance, and mobile genetic elements. Phenotypic analysis including antibiotic susceptibility, enzymic activities, production of biogenic amine (BAs), and proportion of D-/L-lactate were evaluated using E-test, API ZYM test, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and D-/L-Lactic Acid Assay, respectively. The genome of B. breve IDCC4401 consists of 2,426,499 bp with a GC content of 58.70% and containing 2,016 coding regions. This genome was confirmed as B. breve given its similarity of 98.93% with B. breve DSM20213. Furthermore, B. breve IDCC4401 genes encoding virulence and antibiotic resistance were not identified. Although B. breve IDCC4401 showed antibiotic resistance against vancomycin, it was confirmed that this was an intrinsic feature since the antibiotic resistance gene was not present. B. breve IDCC4401 showed leucine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, and α-glucosidase activities, whereas it did not show production of harmful enzymes such as β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase. In addition, B. breve IDCC4401 did not produce any tyramine, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and 2-phenethylamine, which are frequently detected BAs during fermentation. B. breve IDCC4401 produced 95.08% of L-lactate and 4.92% of D-lactate. Therefore, this study demonstrated the safety of B. breve IDCC 4401 as a potential probiotic for use in the food industry.read more