Unlocking the Power💪 of CSS Pseudo-Classes: A Comprehensive Guide.

Dharmendra Kumar - Aug 9 - - Dev Community

Unlocking the Power of CSS Pseudo-Classes: A Comprehensive Guide

CSS pseudo-classes are powerful tools that allow you to style elements based on their state, position, or user interactions. By mastering these pseudo-classes, you can create dynamic and interactive designs. In this guide, we'll explore a variety of CSS pseudo-classes, providing detailed explanations and practical examples.

Interactive States

:active - The Engaged Element

The :active pseudo-class applies when an element is being activated by the user, such as during a mouse click.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Active Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :active - Applies when an element is being clicked */
    button:active {
      background-color: green;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <button>Click Me</button>
</body>
</html>
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:hover - The Overachiever

The :hover pseudo-class applies when the user hovers over an element with their cursor.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Hover Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :hover - Applies when the user hovers over an element */
    a:hover {
      color: blue;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <a href="#">Hover Over Me</a>
</body>
</html>
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:focus - The Focused Attention

The :focus pseudo-class targets an element that has received focus, such as an input field.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Focus Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :focus - Applies when an element receives focus */
    input:focus {
      border-color: orange;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <input type="text" placeholder="Type here">
</body>
</html>
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:focus-visible - The Visible Focus

The :focus-visible pseudo-class targets elements that should show visible focus styles based on user interaction.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Focus Visible Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :focus-visible - Applies visible focus styles based on user interaction */
    button:focus-visible {
      outline: 2px solid yellow;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <button>Focus Me</button>
</body>
</html>
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:focus-within - The Inner Focus

The :focus-within pseudo-class applies to a parent element when any of its children have focus.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Focus Within Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :focus-within - Applies to a parent when any child element has focus */
    .form-group:focus-within {
      border: 2px solid red;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="form-group">
    <input type="text" placeholder="Focus inside me">
  </div>
</body>
</html>
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Link and Navigation

:link - The Unvisited Link

The :link pseudo-class targets links that have not been visited yet.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Link Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :link - Applies to unvisited links */
    a:link {
      color: gray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <a href="#">Unvisited Link</a>
</body>
</html>
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:visited - The Past Link

The :visited pseudo-class styles links that the user has already visited.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Visited Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :visited - Applies to visited links */
    a:visited {
      color: purple;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <a href="#">Visited Link</a>
</body>
</html>
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:any-link - The Versatile Link

The :any-link pseudo-class targets both :link and :visited states.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Any Link Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :any-link - Applies to both link and visited states */
    a:any-link {
      color: teal;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <a href="#">Any Link</a>
</body>
</html>
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:local-link - The Local Explorer

The :local-link pseudo-class targets links within the same domain or page.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Local Link Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :local-link - Applies to links within the same domain or page */
    a:local-link {
      color: olive;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <a href="#section">Local Link</a>
</body>
</html>
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Form States

:checked - The Selected Option

The :checked pseudo-class applies to input elements that are checked or selected, such as checkboxes or radio buttons.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Checked Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :checked - Applies to checked or selected input elements */
    input:checked {
      background-color: yellow;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox1">
  <label for="checkbox1">Check Me</label>
</body>
</html>
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:disabled - The Unavailable

The :disabled pseudo-class targets elements that are disabled and cannot be interacted with.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Disabled Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :disabled - Applies to disabled elements */
    input:disabled {
      background-color: lightgray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <input type="text" disabled value="Disabled Field">
</body>
</html>
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:enabled - The Available

The :enabled pseudo-class targets elements that are enabled and available for interaction.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Enabled Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :enabled - Applies to enabled elements */
    input:enabled {
      border: 2px solid green;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <input type="text" value="Enabled Field">
</body>
</html>
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:required - The Mandatory Field

The :required pseudo-class targets input fields that are required to be filled out before form submission.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Required Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :required - Applies to required input fields */
    input:required {
      border:

 2px solid red;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <input type="text" required placeholder="Required Field">
</body>
</html>
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:optional - The Non-Mandatory Field

The :optional pseudo-class targets input fields that are not required for form submission.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Optional Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :optional - Applies to optional input fields */
    input:optional {
      border: 2px solid blue;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <input type="text" placeholder="Optional Field">
</body>
</html>
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Structural Pseudo-Classes

:first-child - The Firstborn

The :first-child pseudo-class targets the first child of its parent.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>First Child Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :first-child - Applies to the first child of a parent element */
    ul li:first-child {
      color: red;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <ul>
    <li>First Item</li>
    <li>Second Item</li>
  </ul>
</body>
</html>
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:last-child - The Lastborn

The :last-child pseudo-class targets the last child of its parent.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Last Child Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :last-child - Applies to the last child of a parent element */
    ul li:last-child {
      color: green;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <ul>
    <li>First Item</li>
    <li>Last Item</li>
  </ul>
</body>
</html>
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:first-of-type - The Pioneer

The :first-of-type pseudo-class applies to the first element of its type within its parent.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>First of Type Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :first-of-type - Applies to the first element of its type within a parent */
    p:first-of-type {
      font-weight: bold;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <p>First Paragraph</p>
  <p>Second Paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
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:last-of-type - The Finalist

The :last-of-type pseudo-class targets the last element of its type within its parent.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Last of Type Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :last-of-type - Applies to the last element of its type within a parent */
    p:last-of-type {
      font-style: italic;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <p>First Paragraph</p>
  <p>Last Paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
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:only-child - The Sole Survivor

The :only-child pseudo-class applies to an element that is the only child of its parent.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Only Child Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :only-child - Applies to an element that is the only child of its parent */
    .container:only-child {
      background-color: lightblue;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">I am the only child</div>
</body>
</html>
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:only-of-type - The Unique Type

The :only-of-type pseudo-class targets the only element of its type within its parent.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Only of Type Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :only-of-type - Applies to the only element of its type within a parent */
    div:only-of-type {
      border: 2px dashed orange;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div>This is the only div</div>
</body>
</html>
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Miscellaneous Pseudo-Classes

:empty - The Vacant

The :empty pseudo-class applies to elements that have no children.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Empty Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :empty - Applies to elements with no children */
    .empty-box:empty {
      background-color: gray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="empty-box"></div>
</body>
</html>
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:not() - The Exclusion Zone

The :not() pseudo-class applies to elements that do not match the given selector.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Not Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :not() - Applies to elements that do not match the given selector */
    div:not(.exclude) {
      color: red;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div>This is red</div>
  <div class="exclude">This is not red</div>
</body>
</html>
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:nth-child() - The Pattern Matcher

The :nth-child() pseudo-class targets elements based on their position in a parent’s children list.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Nth Child Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :nth-child() - Applies to elements based on their position in the parent */
    li:nth-child(odd) {
      background-color: lightgray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <ul>
    <li>Item 1</li>
    <li>Item 2</li>
    <li>Item 3</li>
  </ul>
</body>
</html>
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:nth-of-type() - The Type Matcher

The :nth-of-type() pseudo-class targets elements of a specific type based on their position.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Nth of Type Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :nth-of-type() - Applies to elements of a specific type based on their position */
    p:nth-of-type(2) {
      color: red;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <p>First Paragraph</p>
  <p>Second Paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
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:lang() - The Language Selector

The :lang() pseudo-class targets elements based on their language attribute.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Lang Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :lang() - Applies to elements with a specific language attribute */
    p:lang(fr) {
      color: blue;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <p lang="fr">Bonjour</p>
  <p lang="en">Hello</p>
</body>
</html>
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:root - The Document Root

The :root pseudo-class targets the highest-level parent element in the document, often used for defining CSS variables.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en

">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Root Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :root - Applies to the root element of the document */
    :root {
      --main-bg-color: coral;
    }
    body {
      background-color: var(--main-bg-color);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <p>The background color is defined by the :root pseudo-class.</p>
</body>
</html>
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:current - The Current Item

The :current pseudo-class applies to the currently active item in a set, like a carousel slide or tab.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Current Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :current - Applies to the currently active item */
    .current {
      background-color: lightblue;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="carousel">
    <div class="item current">Current Slide</div>
    <div class="item">Other Slide</div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>
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:future - The Upcoming

The :future pseudo-class applies to elements that are scheduled to appear in a future state.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Future Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :future - Applies to elements scheduled to appear in the future */
    .future {
      color: gray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="future">Future Element</div>
</body>
</html>
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:past - The Previous

The :past pseudo-class applies to elements that have been active or relevant in the past.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Past Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :past - Applies to elements that have been active in the past */
    .past {
      color: lightgray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="past">Past Element</div>
</body>
</html>
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:modal - The Pop-Up

The :modal pseudo-class applies to elements that are being displayed as a modal dialog.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Modal Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :modal - Applies to modal dialog elements */
    .modal {
      display: block;
      background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="modal">This is a modal dialog</div>
</body>
</html>
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:popover-open - The Open Popover

The :popover-open pseudo-class targets elements that are open as popovers.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Popover Open Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :popover-open - Applies to elements that are open as popovers */
    .popover-open {
      display: block;
      background-color: lightcoral;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="popover-open">This is an open popover</div>
</body>
</html>
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:playing - The Active Player

The :playing pseudo-class applies to media elements that are currently playing.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Playing Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :playing - Applies to media elements that are currently playing */
    video:playing {
      border: 2px solid green;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <video src="video.mp4" controls></video>
</body>
</html>
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:paused - The Stopped Player

The :paused pseudo-class applies to media elements that are currently paused.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Paused Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :paused - Applies to media elements that are currently paused */
    video:paused {
      border: 2px solid red;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <video src="video.mp4" controls></video>
</body>
</html>
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:placeholder-shown - The Placeholder Display

The :placeholder-shown pseudo-class applies to input elements that are currently showing their placeholder text.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Placeholder Shown Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :placeholder-shown - Applies to elements currently showing placeholder text */
    input:placeholder-shown {
      border: 2px dashed gray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <input type="text" placeholder="Enter text here">
</body>
</html>
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:volume-locked - The Muted Volume

The :volume-locked pseudo-class applies to media elements that have their volume locked or muted.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Volume Locked Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :volume-locked - Applies to media elements with volume locked or muted */
    video:volume-locked {
      border: 2px solid darkgray;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <video src="video.mp4" muted controls></video>
</body>
</html>
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:defined - The Defined Element

The :defined pseudo-class targets elements that are fully defined, often used with custom elements.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Defined Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :defined - Applies to fully defined elements */
    .defined-element:defined {
      background-color: lightyellow;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="defined-element">Defined Element</div>
</body>
</html>
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:state() - The Custom State

The :state() pseudo-class applies to elements based on custom-defined states.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>State Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :state() - Applies to elements based on custom-defined states */
    .state-active:state(active) {
      color: green;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="state-active">Active State</div>
</body>
</html>
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:where() - The Inclusive Selector

The :where() pseudo-class applies styles to elements based on a specific selector.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Where Pseudo-Class Example</title>
  <style>
    /* :where() - Applies to elements matching a specific selector */
    :where(.container) p {
      color: brown;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <p>This paragraph is within a container.</p>
  </div>
</body>
</html>
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Feel free to use these examples as a reference or starting point for incorporating CSS pseudo-classes into your own projects. Each pseudo-class offers unique capabilities to style elements dynamically based on various states and conditions.

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